Brucellosis in Kuwait: An overlooked endemic zoonosis from a One Health perspective

Abstract

Brucellosis remains one of the most important endemic zoonoses in Kuwait, affecting both human and animal populations despite decades of control efforts. This review synthesizes published literature and official data on the epidemiology of brucellosis in Kuwait from a One Health perspective, integrating evidence from human health, veterinary surveillance, and livestock control programs. Historical data show a substantial burden of human disease during the 1980s and 1990s, characterised by frequent outbreaks and severe complications, followed by fluctuating incidence in subsequent decades. Animal brucellosis remains endemic, particularly among sheep, goats, cattle, and camels, with Brucella melitensis identified as the predominant species in both humans and livestock. Vaccination programs have reduced prevalence but have not achieved sustained elimination. Persistent transmission is driven by close human–animal contact, consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, and gaps in coordinated surveillance and control. The findings highlight the need for integrated One Health strategies, strengthened surveillance, and sustained livestock vaccination to reduce the ongoing public health and economic impact of brucellosis in Kuwait.